Includes bibliographical references and index.; Introduction / Gerhard Bowering -- Authority / Roy Jackson -- Caliphate / Wadad Kadi -- Fundamentalism / Roxanne Euben -- Government / Emad el-Din Shahin -- Jihad / John Kelsay -- Knowledge / Paul l. Heck -- Minorities / Yohanan Friedmann -- Modernity / Armando Salvatore -- Muhammad / Gerhard Bowering -- Pluralism and tolerance / Gudrun Kramer -- Qurʼan / Gerhard Bowering -- Revival and reform / Ebrahim Moosa -- Shariʻa / Devin Stewart -- Traditional political thought / Patricia Crone -- ʻUlamaʼ / Muhammad Qasim Zaman -- Women -- Ayesha S. Chaudry.;